How to Find the Meaning and Origin of Your Surname

With a few exceptions, hereditary surnames—the last names passed down through the male family lines—didnt exist until about 1000 years ago. While it may be hard to believe in todays world of passports and retinal scans, surnames just werent necessary before that. The world  was much less crowded than it is today, and most folks never ventured more than a few miles from their place of birth.  Every man knew his neighbors, so  first, or given names, were the only designations necessary.  Even kings got by with a single name. During the middle ages, as families got bigger and villages got a bit more crowded, individual names became inadequate to distinguish friends and neighbors from one another. One John might be called John son of William to distinguish him from his neighbor, John the smith, or his friend John of the dale. These secondary names, werent quite yet the surnames as we know them today, however, because they werent passed down from father to son. John, son of William, for example, might have a son known as Robert, the fletcher (arrow maker). Last names that were passed down unchanged from one generation to the next first came into use in Europe about 1000 A.D., beginning in southern areas and gradually spreading northward. In many countries, the use of hereditary surnames began with the nobility who often called themselves after their ancestral seats. Many of the gentry, however, did not adopt surnames until the 14th century, and it was not until about 1500 A.D. that most surnames became inherited and no longer transformed with a change in a persons appearance, job, or place of residence. Surnames, for the most part, drew their meanings from the lives of men in the Middle Ages, and their origins can be divided into four main categories: Patronymic Surnames Patronymics—last names derived from a fathers name—were widely used in forming surnames, especially in the Scandinavian countries. Occasionally, the name of the mother contributed the surname, referred to as a matronymic surname. Such names were formed by adding a prefix or suffix denoting either son of or daughter of. English and Scandinavian names ending in son are patronymic surnames, as are many names prefixed with the Gaelic Mac, the Norman Fitz, the Irish O, and the Welsh ap. Examples: The son of John (Johnson), son of Donald (MacDonald), son of Patrick (Fitzpatrick), son of Brien (OBrien), son of Howell (ap Howell). Place Names or Local Names One of the most common ways to differentiate one man from his neighbor was to describe him in terms of his geographic surroundings or location (similar to describing a friend as the one who lives down the street). Such local names denoted some of the earliest instances of surnames in France, and were quickly introduced into England by the Norman nobility who chose names based on the locations of their ancestral estates. If a person or family migrated from one place to another, they were often identified by the place they came from. If they lived near a stream, cliff, forest, hill, or other geographic feature, this might be used to describe them. Some last names can still be traced back to their exact place of origin, such as a particular city or county, while others have origins lost in obscurity (Atwood lived near a wood, but we dont know which one). Compass directions were another common geographic identification in the Middle Ages (Eastman, Westwood). Most geographic-based surname s are easy to spot, though the evolution of language has made others less obvious, i.e. Dunlop (muddy hill). Examples: Brooks lived along a brook; Churchill lived near a church on a hill; Neville came from Neville-Seine-Maritime, France or Neuville (New Town), a common place name in France; Parris came from—you guessed it—Paris, France. Descriptive Names (Nicknames) Another class of surnames, those derived from a physical or other characteristic of ​the  first bearer, make up an estimated 10% of all surname or family names. These descriptive surnames are thought to have originally evolved as nicknames during the Middle Ages when men created nicknames or pet names for his neighbors and friends based on personality or physical appearance. Thus, Michael the strong became Michael Strong and black-haired Peter became Peter Black. Sources for such nicknames included: an unusual size or shape of the body, bald heads, facial hair, physical deformities, distinctive facial features, skin or hair coloring, and even emotional disposition. Examples: Broadhead, a person with a large head; Baines (bones), a thin man; Goodman, a generous individual; Armstrong, strong in the arm Occupational Names The last class of surnames to develop reflect the occupation or status of the first bearer. These occupational last names, derived from the specialty crafts and trades of the medieval period, are fairly self-explanatory. A Miller was essential for grinding flour from grain, a Wainwright was a wagon builder, and Bishop was in the employ of a Bishop. Different surnames often developed from the same occupation based on the language of the country of origin (Mà ¼ller, for example, is German for Miller). Examples:  Alderman, an official clerk of the court; Taylor, one that makes or repairs garments; Carter, a maker/driver of carts; Outlaw, an outlaw or criminal Despite these basic surname classifications, many last names  or surnames of today seem to defy explanation. The majority of these are probably corruptions of the original surnames—variations that have become disguised almost beyond recognition.  Surname spelling  and pronunciation has evolved over many centuries, often making it hard for current generations to determine the origin and evolution of their surnames. Such  family name derivations, resulting from a variety of factors, tend to confound both genealogists and etymologists. It is fairly common for different branches of the same family to carry different last names, as the majority of English and American surnames have, in their history, appeared in four to more than a dozen variant spellings. Therefore, when researching the origin of your surname, it is important to work your way back through the generations in order to determine the  original family name, as the surname that you carry now may have an entirely different meaning than the surname of your distant ancestor. It is also important to remember that some surnames, though their origins may appear obvious, arent what they seem. Banker, for example, is not an occupational surname, instead meaning dweller on a hillside.

The Battle Of The Settlers By John Smith - 1474 Words

With Captain Newport gone, John Smith took matters into his own hands, doing what he believed was best for the colony. In a desperate effort to save the settlers, Smith made a courageous attempt to trade with the local Native Americans for food. On December 10, 1607, Smith and a small group of men sailed up the James River only to be attacked by a Native American tribe when they entered the forest. In the short, bloody battle, two Native American warriors were killed as well as the colonial explorers. Smith was captured and taken as prisoner to chief Powhatan. â€Å"†¦a large stone was brought before Powhatan, and several men assembled with clubs in their hands†¦ [Smith] being brought blindfolded to the spot to the spot, his head was laid on the stone, and the men prepared with their clubs to beat out his brains†¦when Pocahontas ran with mournful distraction to the stone, and getting the victim’s head into her arms, laid her own upon it to receive the blow.â₠¬  Smith later writes about the lifesaving miracle that occurred, surely he thought he would meet his death. Chief Powhatan’s younger daughter (about twelve years of age) protected Smith and pleaded that his live be spared. The chief eventually gave in to his daughter’s pleas. A modern belief on the near execution of John Smith suggests that Smith may have misunderstood the events taking place in Powhatan’s longhouse. Historians suggest that Smith may have been subject to a tribal ritual meant to symbolize Smith’s death andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Pocahontas 1643 Words   |  7 Pagesreleased in 1995 by Walt Disney Pictures. The purpose of the film was to create a historical fictional story based on the John Smith’s efforts to establish a colony in the area that is now known as Jamestown, Virginia. In the film, Pocahontas is the daughter of her village’s chief, and she is at first afraid to learn of the arrival of the Englis h explorers. However, after meeting John Smith after a chance encounter, the two recognize that their societies can coexist and that the Native Americans do not needRead MoreAmerican Genesis By Alden T. Vaughan1270 Words   |  6 PagesCaptain John Smith’s life, in order to inform the reader of his journeys throughout his invigorating lifestyle. Vaughan’s book inspires one to feel adventurous, just as John Smith once was. Throughout his many journeys and experiences, the good, the bad, and the ugly; John Smith was a hero to many. Like many of his contemporaries, too, Smith carried for the rest of his life the era’s taste for adventure and achievement. â€Å"Elizabethan England knew both† of those characteristics grew wild in John SmithsRead MoreEssay on Settling a New World1110 Words   |  5 Pages The very survival of the early settlers to the New World would depend much upon the generosity of the Native Americans. Had the natives not been so helpfu l and had instead violently resisted the newcomers, European settlers might not have been so eager to come settle this new land. Both Jamestown and Plymouth would depend upon the goodwill of the native people for their initial survival while establishing their settlements. The Indians not only introduced the area’s indigenous food sources but alsoRead MoreThe New World Acts As A Historical Fiction Account Of The Start Of Jamestown1334 Words   |  6 Pagesdisrespect towards nature led to their demise during the first winter they spent in America. It is not until they are starving and desperate that the new settlers in this ‘new world’ learn how to be frugal as they are seen boiling belts in order to have something to eat (Malick, The New World). This demonstrates not only that nature has won over the settlers but also that the frugalness of the Native Americans ultimately saved them, as they never appeared to be in need. The Native Americans are constantlyRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Myth Of Pocahontas1365 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of the Myth of Pocahontas John Smith was a president for one year when Jamestown colony was faced with extreme times of difficulty from 1608 to 1609. Smith was instrumental in the endurance of his colony during that year of difficulty through his leadership style (Tyler 27). Smith participated in battles in his early years whereby he served as a soldier in French and Dutch armies as well as a general in the Transylvanian army. Owing to his notable successes in battle, he was considered as one ofRead MoreThe New World: Movie Review Essay2154 Words   |  9 Pageshistorical drama set in the early 1600’s, as settlers come from Britain to begin exploring and colonizing the American continents. Written and directed by American director and writer, Terrence Malick, The New World depicts the foundation of Jamestown, the story of John Smith, and their relationships with Pocahontas. The film stars Collin Farrell as John Smith, Qorianka Kilcher as Pocahontas, Christopher Plummer as Captain Newport, and Christi an Bale as John Rolfe. Produced by Sarah Green, the filmRead MoreThe Global World Knows Pocahontas As A Fairy Tale About992 Words   |  4 PagesThe global world knows Pocahontas as a fairy tale about a Native American woman who fell in love with an English man, John Smith. Other individuals know about the true story of Pocahontas and how she was taken from her homeland and paraded around to show the world that â€Å"Indians† could be tamed. But what if she never met John Smith and helped him? What would have happened to society then? I believe that there would have still been tension between the British and the Native Americans in the area. ThereRead MoreCivil Conflicts and the Lives of African-Americans1196 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Civil War opened up the area to economic development and new settlers. American settlers from the East entered via the Mississippi to ranch farm and mine. Native American settlers also poured from Deep South after being convinced that prosperit y was only found in the West. Chinese workers constructing the railroads worsened diversity of the population in this region. The Great Plains underwent transformation because of settlers from the east. Farmers cultivated wheat and other crops on theirRead MoreEssay about The War of Black Hawk1074 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, he later confirmed the treaty with his own signature in 1816, but then said he did not understand that it would mean he would later have to give up his home village of Saukenuk on the Rock River. Settlers moved into this village and Black Hawk returned with his band to plant corn. The settlers were frightened at this, and they frantically requested militia support. When they arrived, Black Hawks band was already gone and the U.S. agreed to supply them with corn if they stayed out of the areaRead MoreThe Battle Of The Alamo1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of the Alamo is probably the most famous battle to take place in the history of, and in the state of, Texas. The battle has given Texans the will to persevere against tough odds and the courage to endure through seemingly impossible situations for many generations. Many a Texan would draw inspiration during the fights following the defeat at the Alamo. This inspiration eventually led them to victory during the Texas Revolution following the Battle of San Jacinto. Had the Texas military

The Contrast Between Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Roman...

Avneet Saini Mrs. Fera ENG3U0-D November 2nd, 2012 The Contrast between Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Roman Polanski’s Macbeth Shakespeare’s play Macbeth is a tragedy that plots the fall and death of once a great man, revealing how ambition can lead to downfall. Many directors and producers have tried to portray his play into modern films but Roman Polanski produced the most successful Macbeth film, but Roman Polanski’s movie Macbeth changes many details that the viewer is unable to fully experience the catharsis. Tragedy is built on the idea that the audience can sympathize with the tragic hero and therefore experience a strong emotional response at the ending. They both were based on the same plot however Polanski’s Macbeth is not a†¦show more content†¦This speech was the statement that represented that Malcolm has brought Scotland back on its feet and on the right track, which portrayed the end of Macbeth Era and his evil deeds. This was the ending of the play but however in the film Roman Polanski added a twist in the film that would bring the cycle of bloodshed back into S cotland when it illustrated that Donnalbain has returned from exile and he stumbled into the witches on the way. This foreshadowed that the deeds Macbeth did to become king will arise again but this time Donnalbain will be behind it all. In the film, the deaths and the violence are shown in a way with more information than what the play describes and it vaguely changes the plots with the showing of these deaths. There were many deaths in the films that were not in the play, but that caught many viewer’s eyes was an onset death that was not portrayed in the film. Roman Polanski depicted the murder of King Duncan outstandingly because the audience never had the feel of how King Duncan was actually killed since it was an offset scene in the play. Also because of the blood and gore, and how it seemed as if Macbeth was actually being pleased by stabbing the King all over his body. However, in the play King Duncan’s death was an offset because Shakespeare could not have done it because King James, who was the king at that time, would not have liked a king being killed on stage. Nevertheless, inShow MoreRelatedMacBeth Versions Comparison Essay547 Words   |  3 PagesMacBeth versions comparison essay There are many differences between interpretations of William Shakespeares MacBeth. This essay wall contrast Shakespeares original version and a movie version by Roman Polanski produced in 1970. Three major differences will be discussed. One difference between Shakespeares and Polanskis version is the absence of the scene in England in Polanskis version. In the Original MacBeth, MacDuff goes to England to convince Malcolm to return and fight MacBethRead More Macbeth - Conflict Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesor not conflict is central to the dramatic development of MACBETH, one must consider all the dramatic factors that contribute to the Shakespearean play. The gradual decline of the protagonist , the role portrayed by characters and the order in which the events occur, greatly influence the direction in which the development of the play takes place. After reading the text MACBETH, by Shakespeare and viewing the film version, directed by Roman Polanski, it is logical to see that ambition and the deceptiveRead MoreMacbeth - Conflict1586 Words   |  7 Pagesor not conflict is central to the dramatic development of MACBETH, one must consider all the dramatic factors that contribute to the Shakespearean play. The grad ual decline of the protagonist , the role portrayed by characters and the order in which the events occur, greatly influence the direction in which the development of the play takes place. After reading the text MACBETH, by Shakespeare and viewing the film version, directed by Roman Polanski, it is logical to see that ambition and the deceptiveRead MoreSleep and Rest In Macbeth Essay1787 Words   |  8 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’ sleep is a very significant aspect of the play which is portrayed by many references to it and occurrences that result in sleep deprivation. To emphasize the importance of resting Shakespeare uses varied poetic language and sleep distortions. Sleep comes as a significant theme of the play when Macbeth, persuaded by Lady Macbeth kills King Duncan while he is asleep at their house. Consequently, Macbeth suffers from devastating nightmares and delusions which are theRead MorePlay Macbeth11985 Words   |  48 PagesAt the begi nning of the play, Macbeth is a respected general, a devoted husband, and a loyal subject of the king. The first of the witches prophecies bring out his ambitious nature, but he struggles with killing the king. By attacking his manhood, Lady Macbeth convinces him to committ the first of his evil deeds. Macbeths evil deed causes him to suffer from fear and guilt, which leads to even more evil crimes. Then Macbeth becomes paranoid, suffering from hallucinations and sleeplessness. He becomesRead MorePlay Macbeth11979 Words   |  48 PagesAt the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a respected general, a devoted husband, and a loyal subject of the king. The first of the witches prophecies bring out his ambitious nature, but he struggles with killing the king. By attacking his manhood, Lady Macbeth convinces him to committ the first of his evil deeds. Macbeths evil deed causes him to suffer from fear and guilt, which leads to even more evil crimes. Then Macbeth becomes paranoid, suffering from hallucinations and sleeplessness. He becomes

Food & Beverage Management-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Food and Beverage Management. Answer: Introduction Beyond India is one of the leading and prominent restaurants offering Indian cuisines in Australia (Haghighi et al. 2012). They have two branches in Australia, one is in North Adelaide and another is in Modbury. The competitive advantage of them is offering Indian taste to the customers in the crowded market of western delicacies (Jain and Bagler 2015). Thus, they are having a sort of monopoly in providing a completely different flavor to their customers. They offer both vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisines to their customers. In terms of their menu, they maintain a design which represents their ethnic ambience and theme (Hueng and Gu 2012). The menu carries a simplistic approach having a clear white background. However, some more designs in terms of ethnicity will further enhance the aesthetic appeal of the menu as well as the restaurant (Park et al. 2013). Moreover, the main concentration of them is towards the main courses along with having specific sections for different Indian cuisines. Review of menu As earlier discussed, the menu of Beyond India carries a simplistic approach with only a small touch of their logo. They offer total 93 types of items including vegetarian, non-vegetarian, desserts and drinks. Among the non-vegetarian items, they offer lamb, beef, fish and mutton and chicken items (OBRIEN 2017). The menu of them are mainly divided into main courses, starters, desserts, seafood and drinks with all having sub-divisions. In terms of information on the menu, they have done a good job by providing brief details about the items underneath. It enables the customers in having a brief idea about the items he wants to order. From the perspective of nutritional value of the foods being offered by them, Beyond India is known for their rich Indian culture and cuisine. Customers tend to go for this restaurant to enjoy the taste of the Indian food rather than having foods of high nutritional value (Nakagawa 2017). However, still the food offered by them provides some sort of nutrit ional value. For instance, the sea food offered by them provides protein, vitamins and minerals. Moreover, the seafood is also low in cholesterol which is a favorable aspect for the current generation who are more conscious about the cholesterol in their food (Sikorski 2012). Non-vegetarian items offered by them also offer proteins and vitamins (Chalamaiah, Hemalatha and Jyothirmayi 2012). In addition, it is obvious that vegetables are already rich in nutritional values and with the added Indian ethnic spices and herbs, they provides a good package of taste and nutritional value to their customers. Issues in the menu design The simplistic approach of the existing menu of Beyond India may not feel attractive to diversified range of customers. As they are situated in Australia, thus the customers attending the restaurant are likely to have experience rich Indian heritage and ambience (Ozdemir and Caliskan 2015). Thus, signs and symbols of Indian ethnicity should have found some place in their menu card. In addition, having a dark color in the place of white will implies some royal touch in the menu. Another issue being identified in their existing menu design is the improper way of sorting the food items (Menucoverdepot.com 2017). Food items should be sorted in a way that it will influence the customers in concentrating more on the main courses (Kliever 2017). The new menu is being re-designed accordingly. The new menu is being designed with implementing more vivid colors to increase the aesthetic values (Marchesotti et al. 2013). Moreover, designs representing the Indian cultures are being added in the n ew menu design. References Chalamaiah, M., Hemalatha, R. and Jyothirmayi, T., 2012. Fish protein hydrolysates: proximate composition, amino acid composition, antioxidant activities and applications: a review.Food chemistry,135(4), pp.3020-3038. Haghighi, M., Dorosti, A., Rahnama, A. and Hoseinpour, A., 2012. Evaluation of factors affecting customer loyalty in the restaurant industry.African Journal of Business Management,6(14), p.5039. Heung, V.C. and Gu, T., 2012. Influence of restaurant atmospherics on patron satisfaction and behavioral intentions.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(4), pp.1167-1177. Jain, A. and Bagler, G., 2015. Spices form the basis of food pairing in Indian cuisine.arXiv preprint arXiv:1502.03815. Kliever, J. (2017).10 Menu Design Hacks Restaurants Use to Make You Order More Design School. [online] Design School. Available at: https://designschool.canva.com/blog/menu-psychology-design/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Marchesotti, L., Perronnin, F. and Csurka, G., Xerox Corporation, 2013.Predicting the aesthetic value of an image. U.S. Patent 8,594,385. Menucoverdepot.com. (2017).Menu Engineering: How to Raise Restaurant Profits 15% or More | Menu Cover Depot. [online] Available at: https://www.menucoverdepot.com/resource-center/articles/restaurant-menu-engineering/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Nakagawa, U. (2017).Indian Food and the West. [online] The Diplomat. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2010/11/indian-food-and-the-west/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. OBRIEN, C. (2017).Beyond chicken tikka. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/executive-living/food-drink/theres-more-than-curry-and-chicken-tikka-to-indian-cuisine/story-e6frg8jo-1227020893476 [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Ozdemir, B. and Caliskan, O., 2015. Menu design: A review of literature.Journal of Foodservice Business Research,18(3), pp.189-206. Park, C.W., Eisingerich, A.B., Pol, G. and Park, J.W., 2013. The role of brand logos in firm performance.Journal of Business Research,66(2), pp.180-187. SIKORSKI, Z., 2012.Seafood proteins. Springer Science Business Media